Abnormalities in preoperative examinations of plastic surgery patients / Anormalidades em exames pré-operatórios de pacientes de cirurgia plástica

Introduction: Preoperative tests (EPO) aim to detect abnormalities and give greater safety to the procedure. However, the request for these tests is still controversial, either because they do not bring about changes in conduct for the procedure or result in some harm to the patient. The objective is to assess the frequency of EPO requests and abnormalities in aesthetic plastic surgery patients, to verify what these abnormalities are, what preoperative management should be done based on the finding, and to associate the data obtained with the patient's profile and the planned surgery. Method: Retrospective study evaluating medical records of aesthetic plastic surgery patients who underwent routine EPO in a plastic surgery hospital in 2019. Results: 978 patients were studied, and 51% had some abnormality in EPO. 93.7% were women, with a mean age of 46.5 years. 12.3 exams were performed per patient, and abnormality was observed in 6.1% of EPO. The exams that had the most abnormalities were the lipidogram (23.8%) and the cardiac evaluation (14.1%). Hypothyroidism was the most common comorbidity (18.4% of patients); 70% of diabetics had a glycemic level above the recommended level. Only 3.4% of the patients suffered a change in preoperative management due to EPO abnormality, and in 57.9% of these cases, the surgery was postponed. Test alterations were more frequent in male patients (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The performance of routine EPO showed a low frequency of altered exams (3.4%) and implied changes in the preoperative conduct of plastic surgery patients.

Introdução: Os exames pré-operatórios (EPO) visam detectar anormalidades e dar maior segurança ao procedimento. No entanto, a solicitação desses exames ainda é controversa, seja por não trazerem mudanças de conduta para o procedimento ou resultar em alguns malefícios para o paciente. O objetivo é avaliar a frequência de solicitações e de anormalidades dos EPO em pacientes de cirurgia plástica estética, verificar quais são estas anormalidades, qual conduta pré-operatória mediante o achado e associar os dados obtidos com o perfil do paciente e cirurgia prevista. Método: Estudo retrospectivo avaliando prontuários de pacientes de cirurgia plástica estética que realizaram EPO de rotina em um hospital de cirurgia plástica durante o ano de 2019. Resultados: Foram estudados 978 pacientes e 51% desses apresentaram alguma anormalidade nos EPO. 93,7% eram mulheres, com média de idade 46,5 anos. Foram realizados 12,3 exames por paciente e observada anormalidade em 6,1% dos EPO. Os exames que mais tiveram anormalidades foram o lipidograma (23,8%) e os da avaliação cardíaca (14,1%). Hipotireoidismo foi a comorbidade mais achada (18,4% dos pacientes); 70% dos diabéticos estavam com o nível glicêmico acima do recomendado. Apenas 3,4% dos pacientes sofreram alteração da conduta pré-operatória devido anormalidade dos EPO e em 57,9% desses casos houve adiamento da cirurgia. Alterações de exames foram mais frequentes em pacientes do sexo masculino (p<0,0001). Conclusão: A realização de EPO de rotina mostrou baixa frequência de exames alterados (3,4%) e implicou em mudanças na conduta pré-operatória em pacientes de cirurgia plástica.

The diagnostic value of some inflammatory markers for knee joint periprosthetic joint infection / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic value of erythrocyte sedimentation rate/C-reactive protein (ECR), fibrinogen and D-dimer in periprosthetic infection after artificial knee replacement.Methods:A total of 205 patients, including 62 males and 143 females, aged 66.9±9.5 years (range 26-84 years), who underwent revision of artificial knee joint at Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2017 to December 2021 were retrospectively collected.122 cases of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), including 43 cases of acute infection; 79 cases of chronic infection (13 cases of chronic infection combined with rheumatoid arthritis were analyzed separately); there were 83 cases without PJI, including 73 cases of aseptic loosening, 8 cases of prosthesis dislocation and 2 cases of joint stiffness. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, fibrinogen and D-dimer levels were examined before surgery, and the sensitivity and specificity of the indicators were calculated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The diagnostic value of different inflammatory markers was compared according to the area under curve (AUC).Results:The levels of ECR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and D-dimer in acute PJI group were 2.47±2.91, 50 (38, 62) mm/1 h, 31.6 (13.9, 79.3) mg/L, 4.25±0.94 g/L, 763 (453, 1 157) ng/ml, respectively. The chronic PJI group was 3.06±2.95, 50 (34, 64) mm/1 h, 20.4(12.7, 43.3) mg/L, 4.19±0.91 g/L, 586 (317, 1 122) ng/ml, and the non-PJI group was 6.20±4.64, 22 (15, 34) mm/1 h, 4.6 (2.7, 7.74) mg/L, 3.10±0.59 g/L and 363 (181, 591)ng/ml were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The AUC of ECR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and D-dimer in the acute PJI group were 0.82, 0.85, 0.90, 0.88, and 0.76, respectively.The optimal critical values were 2.89, 37.00 mm/1 h, 13.6 mg/L, 3.86 g/L, and 443.0 ng/ml, respectively, with sensitivity of 76.7%, 79.1%, 76.7%, 69.8%, and 82.4%, and specificity of 79.5%, 78.3%, 94.0%, 94.0%, 90.4%, and 63.8%, respectively. The AUC of ECR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and white blood cell count in the chronic PJI group were 0.77, 0.82, 0.87, 0.85, 0.67, and 0.63, respectively. The optimal critical values are 2.91, 33.00 mm/1 h, 10.9 mg/L, 4.01 g/L, 558.5 ng/ml, and 5.575×10 9 /L, respectively, with sensitivity of 68.2%, 78.8%, 81.8%, 63.6%, 57.9%, and 75.8%, and specificity of 79.5%, 73.5%, 88.0%, 95.2%, 72.5%, and 49.4%, respectively. Conclusion:Fibrinogen has a higher diagnostic value for knee joint PJI, followed by ECR, and D-dimer has the lowest diagnostic value for knee joint PJI.

Evaluación de pruebas diagnósticas para especialistas en rehabilitación cardiopulmonar / Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests for Professionals who Perform Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation / Avaliação de testes de diagnóstico para especialistas em reabilitação cardiopulmonar

Introducción: A diario, los profesionales de la salud se enfrentan a importantes retos diagnósticos cuando atienden a sus pacientes, por lo que se apoyan en exámenes paraclínicos que complementan su ejercicio semiológico, porque les permiten confirmar o descartar una enfermedad. Objetivo: Explicar a los especialistas en rehabilitación cardiopulmonar los conceptos requeridos para interpretar de forma crítica los resultados de las pruebas diagnósticas. Materiales y métodos: Revisión narrativa de la literatura, que expone conceptos actualizados, ejemplos y gráficas con enfoque académico y didáctico. Resultado: Se realizó la actualización y explicación de los conceptos de sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivo y negativo y los likelihood ratio positivo y negativo y su interpretación en el normograma de Fagan, a través de ejemplos del día a día del especialista. Conclusión: Comprender los conceptos que acompañan la evaluación de pruebas diagnósticas ayuda a que los especialistas en rehabilitación cardiopulmonar analicen críticamente los resultados de las ayudas paraclínicas funcionales y estructurales que acompañan a sus pacientes y, de esta manera, puedan caracterizar bien el diagnóstico y seguimiento de las personas

Introduction: Health professionals face important diagnostic challenges daily when they care for their patients, which is why they rely on paraclinical tests that complement their semiological exercise by confirming or ruling out a disease. Objective: Explain to cardiopulmonary rehabilitation specialists, the concepts necessary to critically interpret the results of diagnostic tests. Materials and methods: narrative review of the literature was carried out, which exposes updated concepts, examples, and graphs with an academic and didactic approach.Result: The concepts of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and the positive and negative Likelihood Ratio and their interpretation in the Fagan normogram were updated and explained, through examples of the specialists day-to-day. Conclusion: understanding the concepts that accompany the evaluation of diagnostic tests help car-diopulmonary rehabilitation specialists to critically analyze the results of the functional and structural paraclinical aids that accompany their patients, and thus be able to properly characterize the diagno-sis and follow-up. of people

Introdução: Diariamente, os profissionais da saúde enfrentam desafios diagnósticos, recorrendo a exames que complementem a sua prática semiológica, permitindo-lhes confirmar ou excluir uma doença. Objetivo: Explicar aos especialistas em reabilitação cardiopulmonar os conceitos necessários para interpretar criticamente os resultados dos testes de diagnóstico. Materiais e métodos: Revisão narrativa da literatura, fornecendo conceitos atualizados, exemplos e gráficas com uma abordagem académica e didática. Resultado: Os conceitos de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivos e negativos e razões de verossimilhança positivas e negativas e a sua interpretação no normograma de Fagan foram atualizados e explicados com exemplos do trabalho diário do especialista. Conclusão: A compreensão dos conceitos que acompanham a avaliação dos testes de diagnóstico ajuda aos especialistas em reabilitação cardiopulmonar na analise critica dos resultados das ajudas clínicas funcionais e estruturais dos pacientes e, desta forma, caracterizar bem o diagnóstico e o acompanhamento dos indivíduos

Condutas que podem interferir na fase pré- analítica do exame sumário de urina / Conductas que pueden interferir en la fase preanalítica de la prueba sumaria de orina / Conducts that may interfere in the pre-analytical phase of the urine summary test

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as condutas pré-analíticas que podem influenciar nos resultados do exame sumário de urina. Método: trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo, do tipo transversal, de natureza quantitativa, realizada com 246 pacientes de um laboratório público de referência do município de João Pessoa, Paraíba, durante os meses de junho e julho de 2019. A análise de dados foi realizada por estatística descritiva e inferencial, com Teste de Qui-Quadrado e Correlação de Spearman, elencado após o teste de Kolmogorov-Sminorv. Resultados: em relação ao conhecimento sobre o exame, 138 (56,1%) dos participantes afirmaram possuí-lo, porém 174 (70,7%) relataram não terem sido orientados antes da coleta do exame. A correlação evidenciou que, quanto maior o conhecimento, mais adequadas eram as condutas pré-analíticas. Conclusão: observou-se baixo nível de conhecimento sobre o procedimento, contribuindo para condutas pré-analíticas inadequadas. Destaca-se a importância de ofertar ao cliente orientações sobre a coleta do exame.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las condiciones preanalíticas que pueden influir en los resultados de la prueba sumaria de orina. Método: se trata de un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, transversal, de carácter cuantitativo, realizado con 246 pacientes de un laboratorio público de referencia del municipio de João Pessoa, Paraíba, durante los meses de junio y julio de 2019. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales, con la prueba de Chi-cuadrado y la correlación de Spearman, que figuran después de la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Resultados: en cuanto a los conocimientos sobre el examen, 138 (56,1%) de los participantes afirmaron tenerlos, pero 174 (70,7%) declararon no haber recibido orientación antes del examen. La correlación demostró que cuanto mayor era el conocimiento, más adecuados eran los procedimientos preanalíticos. Conclusión: se observó un bajo nivel de conocimiento sobre el procedimiento, lo que contribuyó a que las conclusiones preanalíticas fueran inadecuadas. Destaca la importancia de ofrecer al cliente orientaciones sobre la coleta de la prueba.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the pre-analytical conducts that can influence the results of the urine summary test. Method: this is an exploratory, descriptive, cross-sectional study, of quantitative nature, conducted with 246 patients from a public reference laboratory in the municipality of João Pessoa, Paraíba, during the months of June and July 2019. Data analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistics, with Chi-square Test and Spearman Correlation, cast after Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results: regarding knowledge about the exam, 138 (56.1%) of the participants said they had it, but 174 (70.7%) reported not having been instructed before the exam. The correlation showed that the greater the knowledge, the more appropriate were the pre-analytical procedures. Conclusion: a low level of knowledge about the procedure was observed, contributing to inadequate pre-analytical conducts. The importance of offering the client guidance on the collection of the exam is highlighted.

Rational use of diagnostic tests for clinical decision making

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To assist clinicians to make adequate interpretation of scientific evidence from studies that evaluate diagnostic tests in order to allow their rational use in clinical practice. METHODS: This is a narrative review focused on the main concepts, study designs, the adequate interpretation of the diagnostic accuracy data, and making inferences about the impact of diagnostic testing in clinical practice. RESULTS: Most of the literature that evaluates the performance of diagnostic tests uses cross-sectional design. Randomized clinical trials, in which diagnostic strategies are compared, are scarce. Cross-sectional studies measure diagnostic accuracy outcomes that are considered indirect and insufficient to define the real benefit for patients. Among the accuracy outcomes, the positive and negative likelihood ratios are the most useful for clinical management. Variations in the study's cross-sectional design, which may add bias to the results, as well as other domains that contribute to decreasing the reliability of the findings, are discussed, as well as how to extrapolate such accuracy findings on impact and consequences considered important for the patient. Aspects of costs, time to obtain results, patients' preferences and values should preferably be considered in decision making. CONCLUSION: Knowing the methodology of diagnostic accuracy studies is fundamental, but not sufficient, for the rational use of diagnostic tests. There is a need to balance the desirable and undesirable consequences of tests results for the patients in order to favor a rational decision-making approach about which tests should be recommended in clinical practice.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Auxiliar os clínicos na interpretação adequada das evidências científicas de estudos que avaliam testes diagnósticos, de modo a permitir seu uso racional na prática clínica. MÉTODOS: Revisão narrativa da literatura dos principais conceitos, desenhos de estudo, interpretação adequada dos dados de acurácia diagnóstica e realização de inferências sobre o impacto do teste diagnóstico na prática clínica. RESULTADOS: A maioria da literatura que avalia o desempenho de testes diagnósticos utiliza como delineamento os estudos transversais. Ensaios clínicos randomizados, avaliando desfechos clínicos, que seriam considerados ideais, são escassos. Os estudos transversais mensuram desfechos de acurácia diagnóstica que são considerados indiretos e insuficientes para definir o real benefício para os pacientes. Dentre os desfechos, as razões de verossimilhança positiva e negativa são as mais úteis para a decisão da conduta clínica. Variações no delineamento transversal do estudo, que podem acrescentar vieses aos resultados, bem como outros domínios que contribuem para diminuir a confiabilidade dos achados, são discutidos, além de como extrapolar tais achados de acurácia em impacto e consequências consideradas importantes para o paciente. Aspectos sobre custos, tempo para a obtenção do resultado, preferências e valores dos pacientes devem, preferencialmente, participar da tomada de decisão. CONCLUSÃO: Conhecer a metodologia dos estudos de acurácia diagnóstica é fundamental, porém não suficiente, para o uso racional de testes diagnósticos. Há a necessidade de se ponderarem as consequências desejáveis e indesejáveis dos resultados dos testes para os pacientes, de modo a favorecer a tomada de decisão racional acerca de qual teste recomendar na prática clínica.

Application value of heparin-binding protein in early diagnosis of severe infection in silicosis patients / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To explore the value of heparin-binding protein (HBP) in early diagnosis of severe infection in silicosis patients.@*Methods@#From January 2017 to June 2018, fifty silicosis patients with severe infection and fity without infection were recruited in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University. In the severe infection group, the time of patients diagnosed with severe infection was set as the reference point for time. Blood samples were selected from the hospital inspection system sample library at the time of 24, 48, and 72 hours prior to the reference point. In the non-infection group, blood samples were selected within 24 hours of admission. The blood samples were tested for the levels of HBP, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and white blood cell (WBC) count. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity, specificity and Youden index (YI) were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of each indicator.@*Results@#The HBP levels at 72, 48, 24, and 0 hours before the diagnosis in the severe infection group were significantly higher than those in the non-infection group (all of the P values <0.001), and decreased with the prolonged time before diagnosis. The ROC curve showed that the AUC of HBP at 72, 48, 24, and 0 h before the diagnosis in the severe infection group [0.828 (0.750-0.907), 0.966 (0.920-0.998), 0.967 (0.961-0.998), 0.997 (0.994-0.999)] was higher than that of PCT [0.563 (0.450-0.677), 0.687 (0.581-0.794), 0.726 (0.622-0.829), 0.982 (0.973-0.986)] and CRP [0.564 (0.449-0.680), 0.648 (0.535-0.761), 0.705 (0.594-0.817), 0.963 (0.924-0.983)] and WBC [0.492 (0.377-0.607), 0.497 (0.383-0.612), 0.628 (0.519-0.738), 0.700 (0.598-0.802)] at the corresponding time. The sensitivity, specificity and YI of HBP were 88.9%-97.6%, 77.1%-98.4% and 0.66-0.96 at 72, 36, 24 and 0 h before diagnosis, respectively.@*Conclusion@#Heparin-binding protein can be used for early diagnosis of severe infection in silicosis patients.

The performance evaluation of unassayed biochemistry serum controls / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the inter-bottle variations, stability in consumption and interchangeability of unassayed biochemistry serum controls.@*Methods@#Comparison between unassayed serum controls from a domestic "Pretrol®" and an international "Bio-Rad" manufacturer was conducted in department of laboratory, in May 2016, with Roche Cobas 8000, Roche Hitachi 7600 and Siemens 2400 modular analyzer. The inter-bottle variation was determined by monitoring the inter-batch variation of 10 bottles of control samples after eliminating the intra-batch variation from the same bottle. Stability in consumption was determined as the precision after 7 days storage under 2 ℃ to 8 ℃ or 30 days of storage under -20 ℃ since reconstitution. The interchangeability was determined as the precisionbetween the controls from different manufacturers for the same test.@*Results@#The inter-bottle imprecision of controls from domestic manufacturer for 13 biochemistry tests (CV concentration 1/CV concentration 2) were potassium (0.26%/0.42%), sodium (0.26%/0.21%), phosphorus (0.00%/0.62%), cholesterol (0.56%/0.54%), total protein (0.52%/0.33%), albumin (0.44%/2.00%), alanine aminotransferase (1.72%/0.57%), γ-glutamylaminotransferase (0.52%/0.62%), aspartate aminotransferase (3.10%/1.09%), lactate dehydrogenase (0.76%/0.91%), alkaline phosphatase (1.13%/0.97%), amylase (0.30%/0.39%) and glucose (0.00%/0.40%). The stability in consumption of the controls from the domestic manufacturer (CV concentration 1/CV concentration 2 under 2 ℃ to 8 ℃storage; CV concentration 1/CV concentration 2 under -20 ℃ storage) were potassium (1.06%/0.36%; 0.74%/0.48%), sodium (0.49%/0.59%; 0.72%/0.65%), phosphorus (0.95%/0.80%; 1.43%/0.84%), cholesterol (1.49%/1.58%; 2.17%/1.80%), total protein (0.84%/0.75%; 1.60%/1.68%), albumin (1.33%/2.28%; 1.94%/2.43%), alanine aminotransferase (1.41%/0.51%; 3.24%/1.60%) γ-glutamylaminotransferase (1.16%/1.16%; 2.85%/2.49%), aspartate aminotransferase (4.37%/2.14%; 2.99%/1.31%), lactate dehydrogenase (2.70%/2.54%; 3.84%/2.97%), alkaline phosphatase (2.63%/1.96%; 2.31%/2.10%), amylase (0.95%/2.19%; 1.58%/1.38%) and glucose (0.60%/0.48%; 1.41%/1.55%). The Inter-bottle variation and stability in consumption of biochemistry test unassayed controls from the domestic manufacturer were compatible for clinical assay according to the CV% specification from the Clinical Biochemistry Test Quality Requirement (WS/T 403-2012). The imprecision of the controls from both the domestic and international manufacturers (CVp concentration 1/CVp concentration2; CVq concentration 1/CVq concentration 2) were potassium (0.52%/0.46%; 2.39%/0.47%), sodium (0.30%/0.17%; 0.81%/0.47%), phosphorus (2.72%/1.11%; 4.57%/2.07%), cholesterol (0.29%/1.38%; 2.94%/1.81%), total protein (0.66%/2.46%; 1.85%/2.54%), alkaline phosphatase (2.67%/4.66%; 3.58%/8.55%), total bilirubin (5.71%/5.09%; 9.55%/7.41%), albumin (1.10%/2.61%; 4.79%/1.93%), alanine aminotransferase (6.42%/1.25%; 5.74%/1.63%), γ-glutamylaminotransferase (2.27%/4.35%; 4.38%/0.74%), aspartate aminotransferase (0.56%/2.84%; 0.91%/2.11%) and lactate dehydrogenase (2.36%/2.47%; 3.10%/1.52%). The interchangeability of serum controls from domestic manufacturer was better than clinical serum samples.@*Conclusion@#The unassayed serum biochemistry test controls from domestic manufacturer are suitable for the intra-laboratory quality control and showed a promising compatibility for inter-laboratory quality control usage.

Research progress on internal statistical quality control procedures for quantitative tests in clinical laboratories / 中华检验医学杂志

The laboratory medicine is aimed to support clinical decisions and patient health by providing accurate results. The internal statistical quality control (SQC) can help laboratories detecting the instability of the analytical system and preventing laboratories from reporting the patient results with medically important errors, so it is essential to ensure the quality of testing results and patient safety. The traditional methods of designing SQC strategy are based on the probability of error detection (Ped) and the probability of false rejection (Pfr). With the introduction of risk management concepts, the design of SQC strategy began to be based on the patient risk parameter [MaxE(Nuf)] proposed by Parvin, which means the maximum increase in the number of unacceptable patient results reported compared to the in-control condition during the existence of an undetected out-of control error condition. MaxE(Nuf) is related to the SQC frequency and patient risk, which is very essential for optimizing the SQC frequency and designing a risk-based SQC strategy.

Research progress on internal statistical quality control procedures for quantitative tests in clinical laboratories / 中华检验医学杂志

The laboratory medicine is aimed to support clinical decisions and patient health by providing accurate results. The internal statistical quality control (SQC) can help laboratories detecting the instability of the analytical system and preventing laboratories from reporting the patient results with medically important errors, so it is essential to ensure the quality of testing results and patient safety. The traditional methods of designing SQC strategy are based on the probability of error detection (Ped) and the probability of false rejection (Pfr). With the introduction of risk management concepts, the design of SQC strategy began to be based on the patient risk parameter [MaxE(Nuf)] proposed by Parvin, which means the maximum increase in the number of unacceptable patient results reported compared to the in-control condition during the existence of an undetected out-of control error condition. MaxE(Nuf) is related to the SQC frequency and patient risk, which is very essential for optimizing the SQC frequency and designing a risk-based SQC strategy.

Effect of rapid influenza diagnostic tests on patient management in an emergency department

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) on patient management in an emergency department for 3 years after 2009, and also identified factors associated with the choice of treatment for patients with influenza-like illnesses.METHODS: The study period consisted of three influenza epidemic seasons. Patients older than 15 years who underwent RIDTs in the emergency department and were then discharged without admission were included.RESULTS: A total of 453 patients were enrolled, 114 of whom had positive RIDT results and 339 had negative results. Antiviral medication was prescribed to 103 patients (90.4%) who had positive RIDT results, while 1 patient (0.3%) who tested negative was treated with antivirals (P<0.001). Conservative care was administered to 11 RIDT-positive patients (9.6%) and 244 RIDT-negative patients (72.0%) (P<0.001). Symptom onset in less than 48 hours, being older than 65 years, and the presence of comorbidities were not associated with the administration of antiviral therapy.CONCLUSION: RIDT results had a critical effect on physician decision-making regarding antiviral treatment for patients with influenza-like illnesses in the emergency department. However, symptom onset in less than 48 hours, old age, and comorbidities, which are all indications for antiviral therapy, were not found to influence the administration of antiviral treatment.

Accuracy of chest auscultation in detecting abnormal respiratory mechanics in the immediate postoperative period after cardiac surgery / Acurácia da ausculta torácica na detecção de mecânica respiratória anormal no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the accuracy of chest auscultation in detecting abnormal respiratory mechanics. Methods: We evaluated 200 mechanically ventilated patients in the immediate postoperative period after cardiac surgery. We assessed respiratory system mechanics - static compliance of the respiratory system (Cst,rs) and respiratory system resistance (R,rs) - after which two independent examiners, blinded to the respiratory system mechanics data, performed chest auscultation. Results: Neither decreased/abolished breath sounds nor crackles were associated with decreased Cst,rs (≤ 60 mL/cmH2O), regardless of the examiner. The overall accuracy of chest auscultation was 34.0% and 42.0% for examiners A and B, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of chest auscultation for detecting decreased/abolished breath sounds or crackles were 25.1% and 68.3%, respectively, for examiner A, versus 36.4% and 63.4%, respectively, for examiner B. Based on the judgments made by examiner A, there was a weak association between increased R,rs (≥ 15 cmH2O/L/s) and rhonchi or wheezing (ϕ = 0.31, p < 0.01). The overall accuracy for detecting rhonchi or wheezing was 89.5% and 85.0% for examiners A and B, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting rhonchi or wheezing were 30.0% and 96.1%, respectively, for examiner A, versus 10.0% and 93.3%, respectively, for examiner B. Conclusions: Chest auscultation does not appear to be an accurate diagnostic method for detecting abnormal respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients in the immediate postoperative period after cardiac surgery.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a acurácia da ausculta torácica na detecção de mecânica respiratória anormal. Métodos: Foram avaliados 200 pacientes sob ventilação mecânica no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca. Foi avaliada a mecânica do sistema respiratório - complacência estática do sistema respiratório (Cest,sr) e resistência do sistema respiratório (R,sr) - e, em seguida, dois examinadores independentes, que desconheciam os dados referentes à mecânica do sistema respiratório, realizaram a ausculta torácica. Resultados: Nem murmúrio vesicular diminuído/abolido nem crepitações foram associados à Cest,sr reduzida (≤ 60 ml/cmH2O), independentemente do examinador. A acurácia global da ausculta torácica foi de 34,0% e 42,0% para os examinadores A e B, respectivamente. A sensibilidade e a especificidade da ausculta torácica para a detecção de murmúrio vesicular diminuído/abolido e/ou crepitações foi de 25,1% e 68,3%, respectivamente, para o examinador A, versus 36,4% e 63,4%, respectivamente, para o examinador B. Com base nos julgamentos feitos pelo examinador A, houve uma fraca associação entre R,sr aumentada (≥ 15 cmH2O/l/s) e roncos e/ou sibilos (ϕ = 0,31, p < 0,01). A acurácia global para a detecção de roncos e/ou sibilos foi de 89,5% e 85,0% para os examinadores A e B, respectivamente. A sensibilidade e a especificidade para a detecção de roncos e/ou sibilos foi de 30,0% e 96,1%, respectivamente, para o examinador A, versus 10,0% e 93,3%, respectivamente, para o examinador B. Conclusões: A ausculta torácica não parece ser um método diagnóstico acurado para a detecção de mecânica respiratória anormal em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca.

Performance of diagnostic tests for pulmonary tuberculosis in indigenous populations in Brazil: the contribution of Rapid Molecular Testing / Desempenho de testes para o diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar em populações indígenas no Brasil: a contribuição do Teste Rápido Molecular

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of rapid molecular testing as a diagnostic tool and estimate the incidence of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis among the indigenous population. Methods: This is an epidemiological study based on secondary data. We calculated the incidence of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis between January 1st, 2011 and December 31, 2016, and the performance of bacilloscopy and rapid molecular testing in diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis compared to sputum culture (standard test). Results: We included 4,048 cases of indigenous people with respiratory symptoms who provided sputum samples for analysis. Among them, 3.7%, 6.7%, and 3.7% had positive results for bacilloscopy, sputum culture, and rapid molecular testing, respectively. The mean incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis was 269.3/100 thousand inhabitants. Rapid molecular testing had 93.1% sensitivity and 98.2% specificity, compared to sputum culture. Bacilloscopy showed 55.1% sensitivity and 99.6% specificity. Conclusions: Rapid molecular testing can be useful in remote areas with limited resources and a high incidence of tuberculosis, such as indigenous villages in rural regions of Brazil. In addition, the main advantages of rapid molecular testing are its easy handling, fast results, and the possibility of detecting rifampicin resistance. Together, these attributes enable the early start of treatment, contributing to reduce the transmission in communities recognized as vulnerable to infection and disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a acurácia do teste rápido molecular como ferramenta diagnóstica e estimar a incidência de casos pulmonares positivos entre a população indígena. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico baseado em dados secundários. Foi calculada a incidência de casos de tuberculose pulmonar positiva entre 1° de janeiro de 2011 e 31 de dezembro de 2016, e o desempenho da baciloscopia e do teste rápido molecular no diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar, em comparação à cultura de escarro (teste padrão). Resultados: Foram incluídos 4.048 casos de indígenas considerados sintomáticos respiratórios, que forneceram amostras de escarro para análise. Destes, 3,7%, 6,7% e 3,7% apresentaram resultados positivos para baciloscopia, cultura e teste rápido molecular, respectivamente. A incidência média de tuberculose pulmonar foi de 269,3/100 mil habitantes. A sensibilidade do teste rápido molecular, em relação à cultura, foi 93,1% e a especificidade foi 98,2%. A baciloscopia apresentou sensibilidade 55,1% e especificidade 99,6%. Conclusões: O teste rápido molecular pode ser útil em áreas remotas, com recursos limitados e incidência de tuberculose elevada, como as aldeias indígenas nas áreas rurais do país. Ademais, o teste rápido molecular apresenta como principais vantagens o fácil manuseio, os resultados rápidos e a possibilidade de identificar a resistência à rifampicina. Em conjunto, esses atributos facilitam o início do tratamento precoce, contribuindo para reduzir a transmissão em comunidades reconhecidamente vulneráveis à infecção e à doença.

Chromoblastomycosis: an etiological, epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and treatment update

Abstract: Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic, granulomatous, suppurative mycosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by traumatic inoculation of dematiaceous fungi of the family Herpotrichiellaceae. The species Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Cladophialophora carrionii are prevalent in regions where the disease is endemic. Chromoblastomycosis lesions are polymorphous: verrucous, nodular, tumoral, plaque-like, and atrophic. It is an occupational disease that predominates in tropical and subtropical regions, but there have been several reports of cases in temperate regions. The disease mainly affects current or former farm workers, mostly males, and often leaving disabling sequelae. This mycosis is still a therapeutic challenge due to frequent recurrence of lesions. Patients with extensive lesions require a combination of pharmacological and physical therapies. The article provides an update of epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features.

Sediment examination of urine without physical-chemical alterations / Sedimentoscopia de parciais de urina sem alterações físico-químicas

ABSTRACT Introduction: It is from the urine sediment examination that many conclusions are drawn by the professional responsible for diagnosis. Because that is a test frequently run in laboratories, it is desirable to reduce costs and time to exam sediment in urine samples considered normal. Objectives: To evaluate the importance of sediment microscopy in urine without physical and chemical alterations. Material and method: This is an epidemiological study of a cross-sectional design developed at a college laboratory based on reports of urine tests performed from January to July, 2017. For comparison between means, Student's t-test, Pearson's chi-square test and Spearman's correlation were done. The level of significance was 5%. Results: We analyzed 7,734 urine reports, with 2,530 (32.7%) results without physical-chemical changes. Patients had a mean age of 39 (± 23) years, most of them were males (61.7%). Regarding leukocyte quantification, 2.3% of the patients had a number higher than the reference values, and in relation to red blood cells, 1.7% of the patients exceeded these values. It was observed that the amount of leukocytes found in the urine specimens without physical-chemical alterations (p < 0.007) was reduced by 0.4 with each year of age. Conclusion: From the data of the present study, one can conclude that the majority of patients without physical-chemical changes do not have any changes of clinical relevance in sediment analysis.

RESUMO Introdução: É a partir da sedimentoscopia do parcial de urina que muitas conclusões são tiradas pelo profissional responsável pelo diagnóstico. Por ser um exame frequentemente realizado nos laboratórios, é importante a redução dos custos e do tempo para a realização da sedimentoscopia em amostras de urina consideradas normais. Objetivo: Avaliar a importância da sedimentoscopia em urinas sem alterações físico-químicas. Material e método: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico de delineamento transversal desenvolvido em um laboratório-escola a partir de laudos referentes aos parciais de urina realizados de janeiro a julho de 2017. Para comparação entre médias, foi realizado teste t de Student, qui-quadrado de Pearson e teste de correlação de Spearman. O nível de significância estabelecido foi de 5%. Resultados: Foram analisados 7.734 laudos de parciais de urinas, com 2.530 (32,7%) resultados de parciais sem alterações físico-químicas. Os pacientes tinham idade média de 39 (± 23) anos, a maior parte do sexo masculino (61,7%). Com relação à quantificação de leucócitos, 2,3% dos pacientes apresentaram número superior aos valores de referência, e com relação às hemácias, 1,7% deles ultrapassaram esses valores. Observou-se que a cada um ano de idade a mais para o indivíduo, reduz-se em 0,4 a quantidade de leucócitos encontrados nos parciais de urina sem alterações físico-químicas (p < 0,007). Conclusão: A partir dos dados do presente estudo, conclui-se que a maior parte dos pacientes sem alterações físico-químicas não possui quaisquer alterações de relevância clínica na sedimentoscopia.

Infecção do trato urinário: estudo epidemiológico em prontuários laboratoriais / Urinary tract infection: epidemiological study in laboratorial records / Infección del trato urinario: estudio epidemiológico en prontuarios de laboratorio

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de infecções do trato urinário e os principais patógenos identificados em uma população mato-grossense. Método: trata-se de estudo retrospectivo e quantitativo. Os dados foram coletados em maio de 2016, em prontuários laboratoriais. A análise dos dados ocorreu através de estatística descritiva simples, em número absolutos e relativos, com apresentação em gráficos e tabelas. Resultados: encontrou-se maior prevalência de casos de infecção do trato urinário em mulheres com idade entre 19-40 anos. Além disso a principal bactéria isolada foi a Escherichia coli, com maior resistência à Ampicilina e maior sensibilidade ao Cefepime. Conclusão: conclui-se que nessa população estudada existe uma alta prevalência de bactérias causadoras de infecções do trato urinário, o que demonstra a necessidade de implantação de políticas públicas que sejam voltadas para a prevenção desta enfermidade, principalmente direcionadas às mulheres.

Objective: to analyze the prevalence of urinary tract infections and the main pathogens identified in a mato-grossense population. Method: this is a retrospective and quantitative study. Data were collected in May 2016 in laboratory charts. The analysis of the data occurred through simple descriptive statistics, in absolute and relative numbers, with presentation in graphs and tables. Results: there was a higher prevalence of cases of urinary tract infection in women aged 19-40 years. In addition, the main bacterium isolated was Escherichia coli, with greater resistance to Ampicillin and greater sensitivity to Cefepime. Conclusion: it is concluded that in this study population there is a high prevalence of bacteria causing urinary tract infections, which demonstrates the need to implement public policies that are focused on the prevention of this disease, mainly directed at women.

Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de infecciones del tracto urinario y los principales patógenos identificados en una población mato-grossense. Método: se trata de un estudio retrospectivo y cuantitativo. Los datos fueron recolectados en mayo de 2016, en prontuarios de laboratorio. El análisis de los datos ocurrió a través de estadística descriptiva simple, en números absolutos y relativos, con presentación en gráficos y tablas. Resultados: se encontró mayor prevalencia de casos de infección del tracto urinario en mujeres con edad entre 19-40 años. Además la principal bacteria aislada fue la Escherichia coli, con mayor resistencia a la Ampicilina y mayor sensibilidad al Cefepime. Conclusión: se concluye que en esta población estudiada existe una alta prevalencia de bacterias causantes de infecciones del tracto urinario, lo que demuestra la necesidad de implantación de políticas públicas que se dirijan a la prevención de esta enfermedad, principalmente dirigidas a las mujeres.

Riesgo de pie diabético y déficit de autocuidados en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 / Diabetic foot risk and self-care shortfalls among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients / Risco de pé diabético e déficit de autocuidados em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2

Objetivo: Conocer los factores de riesgo de pie diabético y el nivel de conocimientos sobre autocuidados en una muestra de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), de un centro de salud urbano. Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo en Atención Primaria. Intervención de enfermería relacionada con pie diabético en una muestra de usuarios diagnosticados de DM2. Recogida de datos de historia clínica, valoración clínica y aplicación de un cuestionario ad hoc sobre factores de riesgo y conocimiento de autocuidados. Análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: 42 hombres y 31 mujeres. Media de edad de 69.1 años. El 65.8% fueron diagnosticados de DM2 hace más de 10 años. El valor medio de la HbA1c fue de 6.9%, el cual fue más elevado en los hombres (p=0.02). También, se observó mayor riesgo de complicaciones vasculares y neuropáticas en los hombres (p=0.04); y una mayor presencia de deformidades (helomas y hallux valgus) en las mujeres (p<0.01). Déficit de conocimientos en más de la mitad de los pacientes, relacionado con la hidratación diaria de los pies (p<0.01) y el uso de calzado adecuado (p<0.01). Conclusiones: El control de los factores de riesgo de pie diabético debe ser mejorado por parte de los pacientes de nuestro estudio. El déficit de conocimientos se relacionó con un bajo nivel informativo y con la aplicación inadecuada de las recomendaciones. Se hace necesario formar a los pacientes en estos aspectos y realizar una valoración clínica, según la práctica basada en la evidencia, lo que posiblemente influya en un mejor control del riesgo de pie diabético.

To explore the risk factors associated with diabetic foot, and the level of knowledge on self-care, in a sample of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients (DM2) from an urban health center. Method: This is an observational and descriptive study in the area of nursing interventions in Primary Attention. Collected data included clinical history, clinical assessment, and the results of an ad hoc questionnaire on DM2 associated risk factors, and the self-care knowledge level. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated. Results: There were 42 male and 31 female patients with a mean age of 69.1 years old. 65.8% had been diagnosed with DM2 longer than 10 years ago. The median value of HbA1c was 6.9%, which was higher among males (p = 0.02). A higher risk of suffering vascular and kidney-related complications was observed among males as well (p = 0.04), whereas a higher presence of deformities such as calluses and hallux valgus was observed among females (p <0.01). Shortfalls in knowledge, including those on daily feet hydration (p < 0.01) and the use of adequate shoes (p<0.01) were observed in more than half of these patients. Conclusions: The control of the related risk factors must be improved by the patients in our study. Moreover, their knowledge shortfalls were related to the inadequate fulfillment of the corresponding recommendations. Thus, and considering the Evidence-Based Practice, it is necessary to better prepare these patients so that they can better control their diabetic foot risks.

Objetivo: Conhecer os fatores de risco de pé diabético e o nível de conhecimentos sobre autocuidados em uma amostra de diabéticos mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), de um centro de saúde urbano. Método: Estudo observacional descritivo em Atenção Primária. Intervenção de enfermagem relacionada com pé diabético em uma amostra de usuários diagnosticados de DM2. Coleta de dados de história clínica, avaliação clínica e aplicação de um questionário ad hoc sobre fatores de risco e conhecimento de autocuidados. Análise estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: 42 homens e 31 mulheres. Média de idade de 69.1 anos. O 65.8% foram diagnosticados de DM2 até mais de 10 anos. A média da HbA1c foi de 6.9%, a qual foi mais elevada nos homens (p=0.02). Também, se observou maior risco de complicações vasculares e neuropáticas nos homens (p=0.04); e uma maior presença de deformidades (helomas e hallux valgus) nas mulheres (p0<.01). Déficit de conhecimentos em mais da metade dos pacientes, relacionado com a hidratação diária dos pés (p<0.01) e o uso de calçado adequado (p<0.01). Conclusões: O controle dos fatores de risco de pé diabético deve ser melhorado por parte dos pacientes de nosso estudo. O déficit de conhecimentos relacionou-se com um baixo nível informativo e com a aplicação inadequada das recomendações. Faz-se necessário formar aos pacientes nestes aspectos e realizar una avaliação clínica, segundo a prática baseada na evidencia, o que possivelmente influencie em um melhor controle do risco de pé diabético.

Solicitação de exames de apoio diagnóstico por médicos na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Request for tests of diagnostic support by physicians in Primary Health Care

RESUMO Objetivou-se compreender a solicitação de exames por médicos na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, com médicos de família de Montes Claros (MG). Os dados foram obtidos por entrevista não estruturada e examinados via análise do discurso. A solicitação de exames é influenciada pela formação profissional, pelas características da Estratégia Saúde da Família - primeiro contato para as questões de saúde; realização do cuidado integral, continuado e coordenado pela equipe -, pela possibilidade de gerir o tempo de atendimento, pelo trabalho multiprofissional e pelas dificuldades enfrentadas - demanda dos pacientes por exames e pressão dos gestores por menos solicitações.

ABSTRACT This is a qualitative study with family physicians from Montes Claros (MG), aimed at understanding the request for exams by physicians in Primary Health Care. Data were obtained by means of unstructured interviews and were examined through discourse analysis. The request for exams is influenced by professional education; by Family Health Strategy characteristics, the first contact on health issues; by carrying out integral and continued care, coordinated by the team; by the possibility of managing attendance duration; by multi-professional work; and by difficulties faced: demand for exams by the patients and pressure by managers for less requests.

Systematic Review of Health Economic Evaluations of Diagnostic Tests in Brazil: How accurate are the results?

The aim of this study is to identify and characterize the health economic evaluations (HEEs) of diagnostic tests conducted in Brazil, in terms of their adherence to international guidelines for reporting economic studies and specific questions in test accuracy reports. We systematically searched multiple databases, selecting partial and full HEEs of diagnostic tests, published between 1980 and 2013. Two independent reviewers screened articles for relevance and extracted the data. We performed a qualitative narrative synthesis. Forty-three articles were reviewed. The most frequently studied diagnostic tests were laboratory tests (37.2%) and imaging tests (32.6%). Most were non-invasive tests (51.2%) and were performed in the adult population (48.8%). The intended purposes of the technologies evaluated were mostly diagnostic (69.8%), but diagnosis and treatment and screening, diagnosis, and treatment accounted for 25.6% and 4.7%, respectively. Of the reviewed studies, 12.5% described the methods used to estimate the quantities of resources, 33.3% reported the discount rate applied, and 29.2% listed the type of sensitivity analysis performed. Among the 12 cost-effectiveness analyses, only two studies (17%) referred to the application of formal methods to check the quality of the accuracy studies that provided support for the economic model. The existing Brazilian literature on the HEEs of diagnostic tests exhibited reasonably good performance. However, the following points still require improvement: 1) the methods used to estimate resource quantities and unit costs, 2) the discount rate, 3) descriptions of sensitivity analysis methods, 4) reporting of conflicts of interest, 5) evaluations of the quality of the accuracy studies considered in the cost-effectiveness models, and 6) the incorporation of accuracy measures into sensitivity analyses.

Clinical application value of blood routine examination in judgment of the activity of inflammatory bowel diseases / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the clinical application value of blood routine examination in judgment of the activity of inflammatory bowel diseases.Methods 102 patients with inflammatory bowel disease were selected as the main research objects,60 healthy persons in the same period were selected as the control group,all of the subjects were received routine testing of blood,C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate,and the relationships between disease and blood routine indexes were compared.Results In UC group,the PLT,WBC RDW index levels of remission were higher than those of the control group,the differences were statistically significant(t =6.75,8.21,5.73,all P ＜0.05).In patients with UC,the HGB,HCTand MPV index levels were lower than those in the remission patients and the control group,the differences were statistically significant(t =8.12,11.03,6.72,9.35,10.23,8.71,all P ＜0.05).But the PLT index was higher than that of patients in remission,the RDW and WBC indexes were higher than those in the control group and the remission period,there were statistically significant differences (t =7.59,8.51,6.03,all P ＜ 0.05).The routine blood indexes of the relief patients of CD group had significant differences compared with the control group(t =6.17,7.29,9.01,10.35,8.27,7.69,8.01,9.91,allP ＜ 0.05),the HCT,MCV,HGB and MPV indexes were lower than those of the control group,the differences were statistically significant (t =9.01,10.35,8.27,9.9i,all P ＜ 0.05),the WBC,PLT,N and RDW indexes were higher than those of the control group,the differences were statistically significant (t =6.17,7.29,7.69,8.01,all P ＜ 0.05).In UC group,the HGB,HCT,MCV and MPV indexes were lower than those in the remission patients and the control group,there were statistically significant differences(t =8.19,6.97,7.53,9.02,all P ＜ 0.05).But the PLT,RDW,WBC and N indexes were higher than those in the remission patients and the control group,the differences were statistically significant (t =9.81,7.94,8.36,7.61,P ＜ 0.05).In the active patients of CD group,the WBC and N indexes were significantly higher than those of UC group,the differences were statistically significant (t =8.15,9.07,all P ＜ 0.05).In the remission patients of CD group,the PLT index was significandy higher than that in the remission patients of UC group,the difference was statistically significant (t =10.35,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Indexes of blood routine has obvious significance in activity of inflammatory bowel disease,and it is significant correlation with inflammation index,which can be used as one of the routine clinical method to determine the activity of inflammatory bowel diseases.